羁縻抚驭之道:清代循化厅基层社会治理中的乡约与歇家

The Path of "Rein-bound" Policy:The Xiangyue and the Xiejia in the Grassroots Social Governance of the Xunhua Department in the Qing Dynasty

清初,在"大一统思想"引导下,清政府着手把循化厅地区纳入国家权力体系之中,但是受传统族群观影响及统治成本的制约,清政府对循化厅地区的统治政策仍以"羁縻"为主。针对循化厅内不同区域的社会文化特征,清政府采取灵活的羁縻策略分设乡约、歇家,并赋予其多样的政府职能以实现国家权力对基层社会的渗透与控制。乡约与歇家的设置虽然有利于国家权力的下移与展现,但同时也阻断了国家与民众的直接联系,分割了国家认同的资源,导致国家政治权威合法性的缺失。

In the early qing dynasty,under the guidance of the'Great Unity Thought',the Qing government began to incorporate the Xunhua subprefecture into the state power system.However,due to the influence of the traditional concept of ethnic groups and the restriction of the ruling cost,the dominant policy of the Qing government in the Xunhua subprefecture was still dominated by'Jimi'.In view of the social and cultural characteristics of different regions in Xunhua subprefecture,the Qing government adopted the flexible'jimi'strategy to set up Xiangyue and Xiejia,and gave them various government functions to realize the state power to infiltrate and control the grassroots society.On the one hand,the establishment of Xiangyue and Xiejia is conducive to the downward movement and display of state power,but at the same time,it also blocks the direct contact between the state and the people,divides up the resources of national identity,and leads to the lack of legitimacy of national political authority.