边疆地区的中心化还是边缘化?——以海南古代教育为例

Frontier Region: Centralization or Marginalization?

如何看待中央王朝与边疆地区之间的关系?在二元社会结构条件下,官方主导的伞式社会有利于形成与自上而下的官僚机构(从中央,到府城,到县城,到各个村落)相配套,用于传播儒家文化的教育机构和体系(如国子监-府学-县学-社学),具有自上而下的体制化和中心化特点;民间的蜂窝式社会(从乡村,到县城,到州府,甚至到京城,自下而上地形成了宗族型、书院型、府城合族祠型和京城同乡会馆型等五种类型'蜂窝'),形成了与自上而下的官僚机构和从低级到高级的教育体系都切合的社会支持力量和资源配置方式,具有一种自下而上的组织化和中心化的特点。因此,在古代教育体系的产生、形成和发展的过程中,无论是官方伞式力量还是民间蜂窝式力量,都是在促进边疆地区海南的发展越来越中心化,而不是越来越边缘化。

How to deal with the relation between central government and frontier region?In the dual social structure,the official umbrella society is good for making up both the top-down bureaucracy(from central government,to prefecture cities,to country towns,to villages),and the educational institutions and systems(such as directorate of imperial academy-prefecture school-country schools-village schools),which are used to disseminate Confucian culture with the characteristics of top-down institutionalization and centralization.In the folk beehive society(from villages,to country towns,to the prefecture cities,and even to the capital city),five types of beehives have been formed,namely,clan type,academy type,prefecture jointed ancestral hall type and capital fellow hall type,as bottom-up social support force and resource allocation mode,which coordinate top-down bureaucracy and down-top education system,and it is highlight with characters of bottom-up organization and centralization.Therefore,in ancient education system,s emergence,formation and development,both the official umbrella society and the folk beehive society were promoting the development of Hainan as the frontier region to become more and more centralized,rather than more marginalized.