近代英籍亚东关税务司的情报活动与影响

Borderland Spy:Intelligence Activities and Influence of British Trade Agent in Yatung

19世纪末英国武力侵藏,亚东成为西藏边境的第一个商埠,也成为英国人搜集西藏情报、窥探拉萨的基地。亚东开关时,英籍清政府官员赫德和赫政两兄弟在中英关系的处理上,肆意维护英属印度政府的利益。亚东开关后,便活跃着一批各怀鬼胎的英国面孔,特别是英籍亚东关税务司向其母国提供了大量重要情报。一时间,边陲小地成了北京、伦敦、拉萨、加尔各答等各路信息交织混集的情报中心,这是英帝国辉煌时期在全球的最典型的表现,是清帝国衰微的荒唐表征。英国人在亚东的情报活动影响颇大:使西方人能够直接探察西藏地貌风物,便利了武装侵藏;其获取的日渐衰微的清政府管理西藏的情报,助长了侵藏野心;英国人相互勾结,混淆视听,有意模糊中国对藏主权,共同使得所谓的'西藏问题'复杂。

At the end of the 19 th century,Britain invaded Tibet by force.Yatung became the first commercial port on the border of Tibet and the base for British to collect Tibetan information of Lhasa.Robert Hart and his brother Henry Hart protect ed the interests of the British Indian Government There were a number of active British faces,especially the British Trade Agent in Yatung who provided a lot of important informations to its home country.In a short time,the border area became a information center.This was the most typical expression of the glorious period of the British empire in the world and the absurd representation of the decline of the Qing empire.Problems like this had a big impact Western people could directly explore the landscape of Tibet which facilitated the armed invasion of Tibet and its ambition fostered.The British colluded with each other to confuse public opinion and intentionally obscured China’s sovereignty over Tibet.