试论青海湖形成传说——以《中国民间故事集成·青海卷》收录者为考察范围

A study on the formation legend of Qinghai Lake——The scope of the survey is included in the collection of "Anthology of Chinese Folkloric Stories Qinghai Volume"

拥有"大美之美"称誉的青海省,位于中国青藏高原东北部,其省名由来即因境内拥有中国最大的内陆咸水湖"青海湖"。亦传说西王母(王母娘娘)的原型即出自青海湖地区古羌部落女首领,青海湖乃西王母最大的瑶池,而且青海湖还是藏族祭海的重要场所。集科学主义、浪漫主义、神秘主义于一身的湖泊,对于它的形成,民间亦有数种不同的说法流传。今即以《中国民间故事集成·青海卷》收录者为考察范围,对这些形成传说进行相关论述。经过检索,《中国民间故事集成·青海卷》计收录七篇青海湖形成传说,笔者将之分类并命名为龙子创造形成型、井泉涌喷形成型、神仙打斗形成型、河流汇集形成型。考察这些传说可获得三项特色:其一,传说主角身份的多元变换;其二,常见故事情节的穿插结合;其三,其它风物由来的连带解释。此外,部分形成传说已联结历史名人,当地方风物在传说中与拥有巨大光环的历史人物相遇时,何者方是主角?值得深思。

Qinghai Province,which has the reputation of'The beautiful beauty',is located in the north-eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China.Its name is derived from the word'inland lake',the largest inland saltwater lake in China.Qinghai Lake used to be a torpedo launching experimental base.It is also said that the prototype of the Queen Mother of the West(Wangmu)is from the head of the ancient Qiang tribe in Qinghai Lake area.Qinghai Lake is the largest Yaochi of the Queen Mother of the West,and Qinghai Lake is also an important place for Tibetan people to offer sacrifices for the sea.A lake that combines scientism,romanticism,and mysticism has several different interpretations about its formation.Nowadays,the collection of'Anthology of Chinese Folkloric Stories Qinghai Volume'is the scope of investigation,and these formation legends are further discussed.After the research has been done,in the'Anthology of Chinese Folkloric Stories Qinghai Volume'there are seven recorded legends of the formation of Qinghai Lake.The author classified it and named it as the Son of the dragon formation type,the well water popping out formation type,immortal fight formation type,and confluence formation type.After inspecting these legends we can obtain three characteristics:1,the multi-variation of the legendary protagonist’s identity.2,the interweaving of common storylines.3,the interpretation of other styles.In addition to the above,some of the legends have been linked to historical figures.If local scenery legends with historical personages with significant distinction,we could fairly ask the question:Which one is the protagonist?It is something that worth pondering over.