摘要
本文以肯尼亚和苏丹为例,指出在确定放牧生态系统的基本特征时,提出确保连续稳定的放牧活动的政策措施所进行分析的尺度可能并不适当。牧民们一直是大规模的经济与社会系统的重要组成部分,在许多情况下,这种组合结构已经为进行持续的放牧活动提供了基础。而在其他情况下,随着这种结构整合为更大型系统,使当地经济和社会关系发生了变化,并已经威胁到放牧活动,或者扩大了当地社区内部和社区之间的差距。本文提出了在不同条件下如何最有效地定义并界定生态与社会系统,同时还提出了如何利用传统方法对社区自然资源进行管理的问题,这些问题目前正引起国际社会的广泛关注。
This paper uses examples from Kenya and the Sudan to argue that the scale at which we pitch our analysis when trying to identify the basic properties of pastoral ecosystems may not be appropriate when it comes to recommending policy measures to secure the continued viability of pastoral herding. Pastoral households are always parts of large-scale economic and social structures. In many cases, such integration has provided the basis for the continued viability of pastoral adaptations. In other cases, the changing nature of local economies and social relations following from integration into large systems, has threatened the viability of pastoral herding or led to increasing differentiation within and between local communities. This paper raises the issue of how we most fruitfully define and delimit ecological and social systems in different local settings. It also questions conventional approaches to community-based natural resource management, which are now attracting widespread international attention.
