“传艺”与“从业”:近代工商业转型中“学徒制”的制度选择

“Imparting Skills” and “Employment”:Institutional Choice of Apprenticeship in Modern Industry and Commerce Transition

学徒制乃是一种旧式的教育制度,兼具技艺传承和雇佣劳动双重属性。传统学徒制采用"干中学"的教育模式,使学徒从实践中学习,学习到的知识在实践中活学活用,学徒通过投贴拜师学习技艺、建立业缘人际关系网、积累独立经营的智识,业师则向学徒传授技艺、培养后备人才、获得廉价劳动力。近代市场经济和工业化的冲击,削弱了传统师徒关系的人身依附性,工商业将学徒视为廉价劳动力,大量雇佣学徒降低用工成本,导致技艺传承的功能缺位。为了填补这一制度功能缺位,国民政府通过建章立制规范学徒制度,社会教育机构兴办艺徒学校和补习学校增进学徒智识,其深层意义在于塑造"学徒"新的社会身份。尽管"学徒工人化"现象通过新制度规范和社会化努力在短期内难以被杜绝,但这种"人"属性的改变是一种重大的社会进步。

Apprenticeship is an old-fashioned education system,which includes learning skills and labor work. The traditional apprenticeship system adopts the education mode of 'learning by doing',which enables the apprentices to learn from practice and to use the knowledge they have learned in practice. Apprentices learn skills by looking for a master,building up a network of professional relationships,and gaining the knowledge of management. Masters teach apprentices skills,educate reserve talents and obtain cheap labor. The impact of modern market economy and industrialization has weakened the traditional master-apprentice relationship. Apprentices are regarded as cheap labor by industry and commerce,and a large number of apprentices are employed to reduce the cost of the company,which results in the absence of skill inheritance. In order to strengthen the sharing of skills,Nanjing National Government reorganized the apprenticeship system by establishing rules and regulations,and social education institutions established apprenticeship schools and tutorial schools to spread knowledge. Its deep significance lies in shaping the new social status of'apprenticeship'. Although the phenomenon of'old apprenticeship'can not be avoided though with new laws and efforts,the change of understanding of 'human'is a significant social progress.