跨文化视野下詹姆斯·库克与大洋洲原住民的互动

Interactions between James Cook and the Indigenous Peoples of Oceania in a Cross-cultural Perspective

1768-1779年,詹姆斯·库克三次率舰队去太平洋探险,由此发生了与大洋洲原住民之间的跨文化互动。欧洲人虽对原住民有一种'高尚的蒙昧人'的想象,但库克眼中的大洋洲原住民总的来说是以欧洲'文明'为标准进行评判而建构起来的一种'野蛮'形象,包括'吃人'习俗、喜欢'偷盗'、具有'下流'的性道德等。大洋洲原住民初次见到陌生的欧洲人时,也会以他们自己的文化来理解这些陌生人,把他们看作'妖怪'或'神'。不同文化的相遇者基于自身文化来理解'他者',必然存在着跨文化障碍,由此造成对异文化的人及其所承载的各种文化符号的误解,这种误解达到一定程度便会以文化冲突的形式表现出来。库克与原住民之间的冲突及其最终命丧夏威夷,都与跨文化相遇中的文化误解有关。

The topic of this paper is about the cross-cultural interactions between James Cook and the indigenous peoples of Oceania during Cook’s Pacific exploration in 1768-1779. The images of the aborigines in the eyes of Cook, judged by the standard of European "civilization",were generally "barbarous" with their cannibalism, theft and obscene sexual morality, though some European people envisioned an image of "noble savage^ of them. The aborigines, with their cultural understanding, regarded the strange European explorers whom they encountered for the first time as monsters or gods. Anyone in the encounters from different cultures would understand the" others"in his own way, in which a cross-cultural barrier would exist inevitably, and then led to misunderstandings of exotic people and their cultural symbols, and finally resulted in a cultural conflict between them. The conflict ’between Cook and the indigenous people and the eventual death of Cook in Hawaii were related to cultural misunderstanding in the cross-cultural encounters.