论舒尔茨的物质生产理论与马克思的哲学革命——基于经济学和工艺学思想史的考察

On Schulz's Theory of Material Production and Marx's Philosophical Revolution——Based on the Intellectual History of Political Economy and Technologie

德国思想家威廉·舒尔茨是青年马克思的思想先行者。他通过广泛吸收经济学和工艺学的理论成果,提出了极具原创性的物质生产理论。他将蕴含着生产力与社会关系维度的分工概念确立为理解社会历史发展规律的核心原则和分析范式,将生产资料确立为划分物质生产发展阶段的衡量标准,并从直接生产层面揭露了资本主义生产方式的剥削实质与阶级对立。这些理论创见对青年马克思实现哲学革命、创立历史唯物主义产生了重要影响。但舒尔茨的思想也存在内在局限性,因此,必须准确厘清舒尔茨与马克思的思想关系。

The German thinker Wilhelm Schulz is a forerunner of young Marx in thought. Through extensive absorption of the theories of economy and Technologie, he proposed a very original theory of material production. To be specific, he took the concept of division of labor containing the dimensions of productive powers and social relations as the core principle and analytical paradigm for understanding the law of historical development, took the means of production as a measure of the stages of development of material production, and Exposed the exploitation and class opposition in the capitalist mode of production from the sight of direct production. These creative ideas have had an important impact on young Marx’s philosophical revolution and his creation of historical materialism. But Schulz’s thought also has inherent limitations. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately clarify the relationship between Schulz and Marx.