清代对外贸易政府管理体制探析——恰克图和广州对外贸易政府管理体制的比较研究

An Analysis of the Government Management System of Foreign Trade in the Qing Dynasty——a comparative study on the government management system offoreign trade between Kiakhta and Guangzhou

清代前期中国在南方和北方分别开放了广州和恰克图进行对外贸易,这两个口岸在清代的对外贸易史上占有重要地位。在管理体制上,清政府在两地都设有管理机构对贸易进行管理,这些机构的设立一方面确保了边境的稳定,有利于自己天朝上国地位的稳定,另一方面促进了两地商业的发展与两大商帮的兴起。它们在对贸易地点的要求、贸易管理的机构设置及贸易方式等诸多方面也存在着差异,对两地以后的发展产生了不同影响。

In the early period of Qing Dynasty,China opened Guangzhou and Kiakhta for foreign trade in the south and the north respectively.These two ports occupied an important position in the history of foreign trade in Qing Dynasty.In terms of the management system,the Qing government set up management organizations for trade in the two places.On the one hand,the establishment of these organizations ensured the stability of the border and was conducive to the stability of China’s position in the world.On the other hand,it promoted the development of the commerce in both places and the rise of the two commercial groups.They also have differences in the requirements of trade location,the establishment of trade management institutions and trade modes,which have different influences on the development of the two places in the future.