知道什么与知道怎么的区别

The Distinction Between Knowledge-That and Knowledge-How

我首先论证,为何斯坦利和威廉姆森没有消除知道什么和知道怎么之间的区别。然后论证,知道怎么在于用一种特殊的方式对参与活动的方式进行思考。因此知道什么与知道怎么之间的区别有两点:知道什么和知道怎么的对象不同;而当我们拥有知道什么和知道怎么时,我们怀有知识对象的方式也不同。我最后考察最近两个理智主义者在知道怎么上的努力,并指出他们为何失败。

I first argue why Stanley and Williamson fail to eliminate the distinction between knowledge-that and knowledge-how. Then I argue that knowledge-how consists in a special kind of ways of thinking of ways of engaging in actions. So the distinction between knowledge-that and knowledge-how is twofold: the objects of knowledge-that and knowledge-how are different;the ways in which we entertain the object of knowledge are also distinct when we have knowledge-that and knowledge-how. At the end, I consider two recent intellectualist efforts on knowledge-how and show why they fail.