对康德《道德形而上学》之“德性论导论”的结构分析

Structural Analysis of Kant’s Introduction to Tugendlehre

本文弥补了目前对康德《道德形而上学》中'德性论导论'缺乏整体性结构梳理的理论裂隙,将导论分为'引入——目的学说——意向学说——方法论'这四个环节,并着重对两个核心环节(目的学说和意向学说)进行结构梳理。在结构梳理基础上,本文提出导论的结构完全符合康德为德性论本身设定的目的,即:自身在行动中确定方向。目的学说给出确定方向的理论可能性,而意向学说给出人作为有限理性存在者按照方向行动的能力,二者结合完成了'从概念向法则上升再向意向下降'的过程。康德的道德哲学的确具有一个连贯的整体筹划,这个筹划最终指向自由领域完整的'因果律',其形式上实现了与自然领域的接轨,而在内容上又显示了与自然因果律在指向上的差异。

This essay intends to build a concrete theoretical structure within the frame of Kant’s Introduction to Tugendlehre. It holds that Introduction as a whole can be divided into four parts in sequence: Introduction, Zweck-lehre, Gesinnung-lehre, and Methodology. Filling a theoretical gap, it argues that structural analysis helps to recognise Kant’s essential purpose for Tugendlehre: 'Orient Oneself in Actions.' Zweck-lehre corresponds to an up-ward movement from concept to principle while Gesinnung-lehre refers to a down-ward movement from principle back to us, human beings as a limited rational being. Additionally, it also suggests that Tugendlehre, taken as a theory on moral ends, finally establishes a moral law of causality which shares the same formal structure of natural causality.