原油脱盐脱水研究进展

Research Progress of Desalting and Dewatering from Crude Oil

原油含盐含水不利于石油储运、加工,影响产品质量,对设备造成很大危害。近年来随着原油的重质化、劣质化以及加工深度的提高,原油脱盐脱水的研究越来越受到重视。介绍了原油中盐、水的来源、含量、存在形式及其危害,阐述了原油乳状液的稳定性因素及其破乳、脱盐脱水机理。综述了原油脱盐脱水的一些主要方法,包括沉降法、电化学法、过滤法、声化学法、磁处理法、微波辐射法、生物法等,其中电化学法应用最为广泛。对原油脱盐脱水方法的发展进行了展望,指出生物法和微波辐射法具有诱人的应用前景。

The water and salt in crude oil is greatly harmful to the preservation, transportation, quality of products and even to the equipment. Recently, with the enhancement of crude oil's heavy, bad quality and the degree of treatment, studies on dehydration and desalt of crude oil have become more and more important. The paper described the source of water and salt in crude oil, together with their amounts, existence and harm. Also, the stability factors of crude oil emulsion and the mechanism of demulsification, dehydration and desalt were given. The main methods on dehydration and desalt of crude oil were reviewed, including the sedimentation method, electrochemical method, filtration method, sonic chemical method, magnetic handling method, microwave radiation method and biont method etc., among which the electrochemical method is the most widely used one. In the end, methods on dehydration and desalt of crude oil are prospected and it is pointed that the biont method and microwave radiation method are promising.