中国自然灾害的分布与分区减灾对策

THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF NATURAL DISASTERS AND THE DIVISIONAL DISASTER-COUNTERMEASURES FOR CHINA

文中以中生代以来的地壳运动形成的纬向构造带、北东—北北东向构造带、北西—北北西向构造带、经向构造带所控制的山川地貌及相关的地质环境、气候环境和生态环境为基础 ,综述了中国重大自然灾害的空间分布格局 ,提出了自然灾害宏观分布之东西分区、南北分带的规律 ;从自然灾变、承灾体的密度、价值和脆弱性及社会减灾能力三重因素 ,分析揭示了中国自然灾害的直接损失具有东部和南部高、西部和北部低 ,相对损失呈现中南部高 ,向东、向西和向北都逐渐降低的空间展布特征和自然灾害在时间上呈波动增长的特点。基于中国自然灾害分布的地区差异性 ,文章强调在中国必须实行分区减灾 ,即 ,根据灾情和国情的不同划分减灾区 ,采取不同的减灾对策。基于此 ,文中将中国划分为城市减灾区、东部沿海减灾区、中部减灾区、西部减灾区和海洋减灾区 ,同时还分别提出了与各减灾区特点相适应的分区减灾对策。

The spatial distribution patterns of the major natural disasters within China have been summed up in this paper based on analyzing Chinese main mountain and valley spreading structures, controlled by the latitudinal, NE—NNE, NW—NNW, and meridional tectonic zones resulted from the various crust movements since the Mesozoic, and on analyzing its related geologic, climatic and ecologic environment features. According to this analysis, the paper presents the reality that the distribution of the major natural disasters in China takes, in the macro scope, the regularity as the region by region from East to West and the belt to belt from South to North very obviously. After that, the primary distributing characteristics of the direct losses due to natural disasters in China also have been opened out, grounded on the study of the status of the hazards, on the density, value and the vulnerability of the objects affected by the hazard, as well as on the social disaster-reduction capabilities. The paper shows that the absolute direct losses within Eastern and Southern China are much heavier than that of its Western and Northern parts, but the relative direct losses are rather higher in its central areas and from there to the East, to the West and to the North, the relative direct losses all decrease gradually. At the same time, the paper also points out that natural disasters in China have the characteristic of increasing notably year by year in its fluctuant processes in the temporal change aspect. According to these remarkable regional diversities in natural disaster distribution aspect, the paper stresses strongly the point that the divisional disaster-reduction strategies must be carried out thoroughly in China. In order to serve these strategies, the whole China has been divided into 5 big disaster-reduction regions in this paper, which includes the city area, the east coastal area, the central area, the west area and the oceanic area, while the divisional disaster-countermeasures applicable to these areas also have been put forward one by one, respectively.