从应对“9·11”看美国两党的执政方式

The Ruling Mode of the Republican and DemocraticParties in Light of Their Responses to Sept. 11

美国政党的执政方式是一个值得专门研究的问题。本文通过对美国政党制度特点的阐述 ,并在此基础上分析第 10 7届国会与布什总统应对“9·11”恐怖袭击 ,建立国内安全体系的过程 ,借以从两大方面论证美国执政党的执政方式 :即同一执政党内部 ,执政权如何配置 ?分裂的政府中两党各行使哪些执政权 ?两个执政党如何处理相互关系 ?最后 ,本文探讨了美国政党的执政方式与民主和法治的关系。作者认为 ,宪法规定的民主制度需要有与之相适应的党内和党际的民主制度 ,才可能实现。同样 ,宪法规定的分权制衡制度需要有与之相适应的党内和党际分权制衡制度 ,才可能实在地支配立法机关与行政机关的关系。从本文所分析的应对“9·11”的过程看 ,美国两党的执政方式体现了宪法所规定的民主、分权和制衡制度 ,这是它长期实行而不易改变的基本原因。反过来 ,长期以来美国宪法关于国家权力的规定能见诸实施 ,要归功于两党所奉行的民主。

This article scrutinizes the ruling mode of American political parties. Based on an elaboration on the characteristics of the American party system, it analyzes the process in which the 107th Congress and President George W. Bush reacted to the September 11 terrorist attacks and strengthened homeland security. The author argues that the ruling mode of American parties reflects democracy, separation of power, and checks and balances as laid down in the Constitution, a basic factor which accounts for why it can be carried out over a long period of time without change. On the other hand, the implementation of constitutional provisions should be attributed to the two parties ruling mode of democracy, separation of power, and checks and balances.