证据排除规则的陪审制基础

The Jury Foundations of Evidential Exclusionary Rules

证据法是管控司法事实认定的规范体系,因此证据法的结构与事实认定主体的特征之间存在密切关联。普通法系的证据法,即证据排除规则体系,很大程度上是陪审制发展的产物。陪审员被假设为不够理性的事实认定者,法官适用排除规则将某些具有危险性的证据阻隔在庭外,可以优化庭审信息环境,管控陪审员的裁决。但是陪审制在诞生之初是一种知情裁判模式,只有其演变为非知情裁判,陪审员成为处于弱势地位的事实认定者之后,证据排除规则才逐渐地生成。陪审员的一些非理性认知倾向,也被一些现代认知科学和实证研究确证,这说明了排除规则立法的必要性。陪审制所造就的二元式法庭结构,能够使排除规则这种管控方式有效地运行,这使排除规则立法具有可行性。在当代中国的人民陪审员制度改革背景下,研究证据法的陪审制基础具有重要实践意义。

Since evidence law is a rule system for regulating judicial factfinding, its structure closely relates to fact-finder’s features. Anglo-American evidence law,that is an evidential exclusionary rule system,is largely the outcome of jury system development. Jurors are presupposed as irrational fact-finders, and judge can screen certain dangerous evidence out of the court through applying exclusionary rules. The rules enable the judge to regulate the jurors. But the jury system at its origin is a kind of informed mode. Only when it evolved into a blind mode, which means the jurors became disadvantaged fact-finders, evidential exclusionary rules gradually take shape. Some of the irrational cognitive tendency of jurors has been established by modern cognitive science research and empirical study. This shows the necessity of exclusionary rule legislation. The dualistic structure created by jury system can make the exclusionary regulating method function effectively. This provides feasibility for the exclusionary rule legislation.In the background of China’s jury system reform, a study of evidence law’s jury foundations has significant importance.