竞争、创新与美国研究型大学的变革

Competition, Innovation and the Change of Research Universities in the US

美国研究型大学在诞生之初就体现出了与欧洲大陆大学迥然不同的气质,追寻以竞争和创新为代表的资本主义精神在美国研究型大学发展历程中留下了深刻的印记。这种充满了各种思想的、组织的、制度的变革恰恰体现出了创新所具备的"创造性毁灭"特征。此外,研究型大学在美国国家创新系统中地位的确立也得益于其与产业部门、政府机构、其他组织之间的互动与学习——动态的、开放的、网络结构的创新系统就是在这样一种"共生演进"的过程中逐步形成的。

Since the birth of research universities in the US, they manifested a very different feature compared with European universities. The capitalism in pursuit of competition and innovation have left a strong mark in the process of US research universities. This organizational and institutional change represented the characteristics of innovation, i.e., the so-called'creative destruction'. In addition, the establishment of research universities in national innovation system also benefited from interaction with industrial sectors, government agencies, and other organizations—a dynamic, open, cooperated innovation system was developed in such a complex'Symbiosis evolution'.