学术自主与学术自由关系辨析

Academic Autonomy and Academic Freedom

历史上曾出现过三种自主学说,即理性说、意志自由说和选择能力说,当前学界普遍认可的是第三种。自主的程度与"选择"的条件密切相关;选择是否自由、可控和有价值的是自主的三项判断标准。自主是学术自由的重要内涵,它对学术自由的价值可通过教师(学者)自主、学生自主、大学自治分别对学术自由的价值,以及自主可作为学术自由权扩展的法理依据的价值来予以证明。要维护学术自主,国家(社会)、大学、教师和学生应承担相应的责任和义务;保持独立性,拒绝服从世俗权威,避免被强制、奴役和操纵,提供充分选择、增强他人自主能力,认可价值多元主义是维护和提升学术自主的基本做法。

There were three main theories—theory of logos, theory of freedom of will, and theory of ability to choose—on autonomy in history. Now the theory of ability to choose is widely accepted by the academia. The degree of autonomy is closely related to the condition of‘choice'. The criterion of judging autonomy is that choice is free, controllable, and valuable. Autonomy is the importantmeaning of academic freedom. Its value to academic freedom can be proved bythe values of teachers'(scholars') autonomy, students' autonomy, and university autonomy to academic freedom, and the value that autonomy may be taken asthe legal basis of extending the right of academic freedom. To maintain academicautonomy, government(society), university, teacher and student should taketheir respective duty. The key approaches to maintain and promote autonomy areto persist independence, to reject to obey authority, to avoid to be enforced, enslaved, and manipulated, to provide enough choice, to strengthen others' autonomous abilities, and to advocate value pluralism.