经济为基,政治为旨——马克思论经济权利与政治权利之关系

Economy as Basis,Politics as Purpose: The Relationship between Economic and Political Rights in Marx's Theory

通过深入分析马克思的市民社会—政治国家理论及其对启蒙人权观的批判,可发现马克思的市民社会—政治国家理论存在着两个维度,并由此给出了两套人权位阶体系。一方面,在异化的现实中,经济权利确属政治权利的基础与目的;另一方面,在价值的应然层面上,政治权利是人权之人本关怀的最本质体现,它优位于经济权利。在此意义上,经济权利优先于政治权利,正是启蒙人权观念的实质主张;而马克思对市民社会之异化的批判,恰证明了人本关怀是经济权利难以承载之重,他更加严肃地对待了政治的本质,更加强调政治权利之于人权的重要地位。重新理解马克思关于经济权利的论析,能够使我们在从经济权利和经济基础进行人权建设之时,不致过分夸大地将这些"基础"等同于"目标",人权的目标始终植根于人的真正而纯粹的政治生活之中。

According to the 'three-generation human rights'theory,' the first generation of human rights',namely natural rights theory,emphasizes political rights,and 'the second generation of human rights',as the outcome of the international communist movement,emphasizes economic rights.However,if we deep analyze Marx's civil society-political state theory and his critique of natural rights theory,we can find that Marx's civil society-political state theory has two dimensions,where the two sets of human rights ranks are derived.Under the realistic condition,the economic rights indeed serve as the basis and aim of political rights while under the new idea of human rights-human liberation,political rights should be the most essential human rights.