基本人权保护的“对世性”与非公约难民的“补充性保护”

The “Erga Omnes” of the Protection of Basic Human Rights and the “Complementary Protection” of Refugees Not Prescribed by the UN CSR

1951年《关于难民地位的公约》及其1967年议定书以"四要件"为条件对"难民"定义进行了限制。对于不满足"四要件",但确实需要保护的人,学界和实践中产生了"补充性保护"的理论,认为对其提供保护不仅是道义上的选择,更是法律上的义务。"补充性保护"是国际法上"不推回"原则发展的结果,但在经济权利和社会权利领域应当受一定的限制。"不推回"原则的发展和"补充性保护"的产生以人权的"对世性"为依据之一。联合国国际法院将"对世义务"的产生和发展限定在基础性、不可减损的人权范围内,"对世义务"也可以成为对"补充性保护"在经济、社会权利领域适用的限制。只有当经济权利、社会权利的失衡可能影响到其他基本性人权的实现时,才产生以"补充性保护"的义务。

The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its Protocol of 1967 set'four conditions'to limit the definition of refugee.There has been an academic theory and practice of'complementary protection'to protect those who,though do not satisfy the conditions,are in genuine need of protection.'Complementary protection'has been reckoned not only as a moral choice,but also a legal obligation.Although a result of the development of'non-refoulment'principle in international law,'complementary protection'should be limited when economic and social rights are concerned.The development of'non-refoulment'principle and'complementary protection'is based on the'ergaomnes'of human rights.The International Court of Justice has restricted'obligations ergaonmes'within the scope of obligations concerning fundamental,non-derogable human rights,and therefore,the application of'complementary protection'in protecting economic and social rights has been limited.Only when the deprivation of economic and social rights has been serious enough to impact other more fundamental human rights will the obligation of'complementary protection'ensue.