道德区分视角下的儒家思想及实践——以“忠信”与“忠恕”为例

On Confucianism and Practice from the Perspective of Moral Difference——Taking "Loyalty" and "Considerateness" as an Example

儒家思想作为春秋战国时期的重要学术流派以及自西汉以降历代的主流政治意识形态,在我国两千多年的封建王朝历史中发挥着制度构建、社会心理及行为塑造的核心作用。然而,在维系以血缘继承、等级划分及农业经济为基础的文明形态的同时,历代儒家思想及实践未能产生类同于文艺复兴时期肇始的宗教道德标准与世俗价值规范之间渐进却坚定的分离。基于区分"社会性道德"与"个体性(类宗教性)道德"的二元分析视角,可知儒家政治思想及制度实践的演进为何未能提供并构建现代社会核心制度要素。

Confucianism was originally an important academic school in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Since the Western Han Dynasty, it had become the mainstream political ideology, playing a central role in the institutional construction, social psychology and behavioral shaping throughout the history of feudal dynasties in China for more than 2,000 years. However, while maintaining the Chinese civilization which was based on blood lineage, social hierarchy, and agricultural economy, the Confucian thoughts and practices of the past dynasties have failed to help produce a gradual but firm separation between the religious ethical standards and the secular values as had happened in the Renaissance Movement. Based on the analysis perspective of distinguishing between 'social morality' and 'individual(religious) morality', it can be seen why the evolution of Confucian political thought and institutional practice did not provide the core institutional factors for building a modern society.