阿马蒂亚·森能力理论的权利意蕴

The Implication of Amartya Sen’Capability Theor

以边沁为代表的功利主义和以罗尔斯为代表的契约主义在有关'人'的这一前提下,都无一例外地把它想象为同质化的个体。由于剥离了人际异质性,包括这两大流派及其相应的权利观在内的西方近代以来的权利理论就不可避免地带有偏狭性。阿玛蒂亚·森提出的能力概念和权利存在紧密联系,它是一个强调人际间异质性的关系性概念,由四个相互区别而又紧密关联的词构成,包括'能力'和'功能'这一对核心概念,以及在此基础上衍生出来的'功能的n元组合'和'能力集'。这一概念架构支持一种宽广的权利基础,将权利的消极维度和积极维度同时包含进来。能力聚焦于'一个人能够做或成就的有理由珍视的事物的一系列实质机会或自由',它提醒人们不仅要普遍追求体现为实质自由或机会的'能力',同时还要追求能力的实现,即通过'功能性活动'表现出来的结果状态。在这个意义上,能力理论本身就蕴含着权利的实现逻辑。

On the presupposition of'individual',rights theory of utilitarianism and social contractarianism represented respectively by Bentham and Rawls,have both regarded it as a homogeneity.All of western theories of rights,including these two schools andtheir corresponding rights theory are inevitably limited,because they have striped interpersonal heterogeneity.The theory of capabilities which emphasizes this kind of interpersonal heterogeneity is connected with right intimitedly since it has been proposed by Amartya Sen.It consists of four mutually different and closely related concepts:including the core concepts of the'Capability'and'functioning',as well as the'Functioning n-Tuple'and'Capability Set'which derived from these two words which in support of a broader concept basis of freedom and human rights.The concept of'Capabilities'deconstructs the traditional positive/negative dichotomy of liberties.The conceptual structure of rights theory of the capability approach determines that its focus is'a series of substantive opportunities or freedoms of a person who manages to do or to be',in other words,rights not only universally pursue the'Capabilities'which manifested as substantial freedom or opportunity,but also pursue the achievement of'Capabilities'the same time,that is,through the'functional activities'to show the results of the state.In this sense,the rights theory of capabilities approach itself contains a complete set of realizing logic of rights.