关于汉语和日语的“然”的对比研究

A Comparative Study of “然” in Chinese and Japanese

在汉语和日语中,由接尾辞"然"/「然」构成的双字词数量众多,且使用频率很高。本文将考察汉语和日语中的"然"/「然」的语义、及由"然"/「然」构成的词语在结构、词性和语义方面的差异,并通过对常用词"全然"/「全然」的比较研究,探讨汉日同形词【A然】在意义用法上的异同。笔者经研究后发现,由于【AA然】、【AA然然】具有某些特定的修辞功能,因此汉语中存在不少这种类型的词语,而在日语里这样的词语极少。另外,由于日语固有词语的势力很强,除极个别词(如「一方」)之外,【A然】这样的汉语词很少出现在日语接续词这一领域。同时,新野直哉关于「全然+肯定」的分类法存在不合理之处,因而笔者提出了自己的分类法,并据此详细地对比分析了汉语和日语的「全然+肯定」的意义用法。汉语的"全然"和日语的「全然」一样,不仅有"全然+否定",也有"全然+肯定",《现代汉语词典第五版》、『中日辞典小学館』中完全没有提及这些情况,对此疏漏应予以重视。

In Chinese and Japanese, the suffixed word'然'/「然」is used in a large number of double-words, which are frequently used in our daily life. This paper will not only investigate the meaning of'然'/「然」in Chinese and Japanese, but also discover the difference between structure, parts of speech and semantic aspects for those words which contain'然'/「然」.Through comparison of the common words'全然'/「全然」, this paper will investigate the similarities and differences in usage of the homograph word【A 然】. Through research, the author discovers that the word【AA 然】【AA 然然】has a specific rhetorical function. This kind of word is quite common in Chinese, however it is rare in Japanese. In addition, due to the strong inherent forces in Japanese words, except for a few words, such as「一方」, words like【A 然】rarely appear among Japanese connecting words. Meanwhile, Niino Naoya's classification of「全然+肯定」is not reasonable, so the author puts forward his own classification. Based on that classification, this paper will compare and analyze the meaning and usage of the word「全然+肯定」in Chinese and Japanese thoroughly.The word'全然'in Chinese is the same as the word「全然」in Japanese, which not only means 'totally + negative', but also means 'totally + positive'. However, these situations are not mentioned in 'The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary, Fifth Edition' or 'Sino-Japanese Dictionary Shogakukan'. Great attention should be paid to this omission.