近代华北农村的农家生产条件·农耕结合·村落共同体

Production Condition of Farmer, Farming Combination and Village Community of Modern North China Village

本文从农耕结合的角度去观照近代中国农村家庭的生产样态以及村落共同体的变迁等问题 ,进而对旧中国农村社会的性格进行考察。华北的旱作农业特别是耕种作业需要并行使用复数的役畜和多人的共同协作 ,因此近代华北的农家不得不与他人相互结合起来 ,以解决农繁期畜力和劳动力不足的问题。在近代华北农村存在着多种农家间的农耕结合 ,除了搭套之外 ,还有劳动力与劳动力、劳动力与畜力、畜力与畜力间的换工 ,有役畜和农具的无偿借用 ,以及代耕、帮工、伙养役畜、共同租种、共同雇工等形式。对这些农耕结合的不同评价导致了泾渭分明的近代中国农村社会认识论。本文指出 ,在近代华北农村 ,相当多的农耕结合形式 ,以其合理的、对等的原则及灵便性逐渐成为华北农家农耕结合的主流。

This paper goes to look at some problems such as the production kind of Chinese country family in modern age and the changing of village community etc., and then investigates the characteristics of the Chinese country society from the point of farming combination. The dry farming in North China, especially the cultivate exercise need splural draught animals and persons to cooperate, so the farmers in modern North China have to combined with the others to solve the problem of deficiency of the animal power and manpower. In modern North China country , there are many kinds of farming combinations between various farmers, besides the 'Datao搭套', still there are have the exchanging labor between the manpower and manpower, manpower and work animals, work animals and work animals, and the gratis usage of the draught animals and implements,as well as helping others to cultivate, raising the work animals together, renting together to grow, hiring labor together etc. The different evaluation towards these agricultural combinations caused the entirely different Chinese rural society's epistemology. This paper points that in the modern North China country, quite a number of forms of farming combination have been the main stream for its reasonable principle and on an equal footing principle, and flexibility.