转基因的逃逸及生态风险

Escape of transgenes and its ecological risks

转基因技术的发展为提高农作物产量和解决全球人口不断增长而引发的粮食问题带来了无限的机遇 ,但生物技术的应用和转基因作物的环境释放也带来了一系列生物安全问题 .转基因产品是否会对植物、动物、人类健康、遗传资源和环境带来危害已成为公众关注的焦点 .诸多生物安全问题中最引人注目的问题之一就是转基因的逃逸及其可能导致的生态风险 .文中就转基因逃逸的可能性和逃逸的不同途径、转基因逃逸后可能导致的各种生态风险、转基因逃逸的不同控制方法以及转基因作物安全距离设立应该考虑的因素等问题进行了讨论 ,旨在了解转基因作物的环境释放和外源基因的逃逸可能导致的生物安全问题 。

The rapid development of biotechnology, particularly the transgenic technology, has brought us with tremendous opportunities to solve the world's starvation problems that have been caused by the continued expanding of the global population. However, the application of transgenic biotechnology and the environmental release of transgenic organisms have evoked a series of extraordinary debates on biosafety issues related to the prosperity and the future of transgenic technology. The public and scientific communities are desperately interested in knowing whether the transgenic products would pose negative influences on plants and animals, human life and health, as well as on genetic resources and environment. These concerns have become universal hot topics over the last decade. Among the most debated biosafety issues caused potentially by transgenic products, transgene escape to the environment and its consequent ecological risks become one of the appealing focal points. In this review, a series of biosafety issues concerned by public, including the possibility of transgene escape and its various paths, as well as the potential ecological risks caused by such escape were discussed, and various approaches for controlling for transgene escape and the factors to consider when designing safety isolation distance between transgenic varieties and other concerned plants were also examined. The objective of this review is to allow readers to understand the potential biosafety problems caused by environmental release of transgenic crops and by the escape of foreign transgenes in particular, and to use the effective tools to control and avoid transgene escape.