类别特征的相似性与竞争性对归类的影响

THE INFLUENCE OF CATEGORY FEATURE’S SIMILARITY AND RIVALR OUSNESS ON CATEGORY

探讨新项目特征的性质对归类的影响。共包括两个实验 ,被试是华南师范大学 180名二年级本科生。研究材料分两部分 ,学习材料是两类昆虫的若干类别成员 ,每类昆虫有 6种特征 ;测试材料则是与学习材料的类别成员有不同相似性或竞争性的新项目 ,要求被试经过学习之后对新项目进行归类 ,然后对被试归类的一致性或确信度进行分析。实验 1主要探讨新项目与类别成员相似性对归类的影响 ;实验 2主要探讨新项目特征的竞争性对归类的影响。结果表明 ,匹配特征数量及其概率是相似性的两个构成因素 ,它们与新项目的归类概率成正比 ,而对立特征数量及其概率则是竞争性的两个构成因素 。

The current study examined the effect of the property of stimulus' feature on ca tegory. Participants in the research consisted of 180 senior under-graduates in South China Normal University. The materials included learning materials and te sting materials. And the learning materials were a sample sheet depicting 12 mem bers of two categories, 6 for each category. The testing materials included many new stimuli which are different from the members in the sample sheet in simil arity and rivalrousness. Participants were supposed to predict the category la bel of each stimulus based on the group defined in the sample sheet. The proport ion of category-accordance response and the confidence of the response were ana lyzed. The results of the two experiments showed that: (1) as the two components of similarity, the number of matching features and their matching probability w ere in direct proportion with the accordance and confidence of the response;(2) as the two components of rivalrousness, the number of rivalrous features and the ir rivalrous probability were in inverse proportion with the accordance and conf idence of the response.