现代性问题图景中的康德先验伦理学

Kant's Ethics of Transcendentalism in the View of the Problem of Modernity

从哲学史语境看 ,康德将道德置于绝对先验基础上 ,力图建立伦理学的最高理论理念。尽管这是为道德合理性作论证的一次最卓越的努力 ,但从现代性问题语境看 ,这却是一次失败的努力。康德以后的伦理学越来越远离康德的理想而接近生活现实。这一思想史趋势可从舍勒和麦金太尔对康德伦理学的批判窥其大端。虽然舍勒和麦金太尔立足于保守主义立场 ,但他们所作的历史分析却又与马克思对资产阶级道德的批判有某种暗合之处。

In the context of philosophical history, Kant dedicated his best efforts in establishing the highest theoretical ideas of ethics by basing morality on absolute transcendentalism, an extraordinary effort to demonstrate the rationality of morality. From the context of modernity, however, the attempt was unsuccessful. Ethics was found more and more to escape from Kant's ideal, but close to the realities of life since Kant. M. Scheler and A. Macintyre took their stands of conservatism, but their historical analysis of Kant's ethics happened to coincide with the critiques to the bourgeois morality by K. Marx.