单位制度变迁过程中的城市女性职业发展障碍

Obstacles to the Career Development of Chinese Professional Women in the Transformation of the Working Unit System

单位制度借助于国家权力对城市妇女的就业给予了稳固的保障,它极大地拓展了城市女性生存与发展的空间,使中国妇女解放运动在短期内取得了令人瞩目的成就。但单位制度"保护与依附"、"施惠与束缚"的双重性质,及其在妇女就业保障上所存在的"保护过度"与保障不适当问题,也在很大程度上制约了女性在职业上的发展。要切实解决市场化进程中单位女性面临的职业发展障碍问题,就必须对国家、社会和个人在女性职业发展中的责任及权利重新进行界定,在强调建构女性自主意识,提高女性职业发展竞争力的同时,必须通过建构消除职业发展性别歧视的法律制度和相关的政策制度,使原先由单位组织承担的既符合普遍人权又符合妇女自身发展要求的权益保障职能,得以借助于法律制度和必要的行政干预强制实施,并逐步形成女性特殊贡献的国家补偿机制。

Women's career development, compared with their employment rate, has not had adequate social concern up to now. In fact, in such a developing country as China, the issue of women's employment that is closely linked with women's status is not only an issue of employment rate, but one of the quality of women's employment. Women can neither have the career matching their ability and qualification nor acquire the same opportunity for upward mobility as men. It can be said that the employment rate is more relevant to survival. What determines women's social status is women's career structure and career development, or rather, their career upward mobility. Considering the complexity and diversity of the community of Chinese women, what I care here are the obstacles to the career development of professional women in urban China as a special social community and countermeasure to eliminate the obstacles.The most important influence in working unit system in the development of urban women is embodied in the government offering institutional guarantee for the full employment of urban women and to some extent the same pay for the same work for both men and women by means of national administrative intervention, organization control mechanism and resource distribution of planned economy. The working unit on behalf of the government guarantees women rights and interests, which is the superiority of socialism Chinese urban women have enjoyed. Meanwhile, the working unit has provided various welfare and security. The people can obtain basic wants in daily life inside their working unit, who shares the burden of housework for women workers and creates favorable conditions for the development of urban women. It can be concluded that without the working unit system, the fundamental change in the social status of Chinese women would not have taken place in merely twenty to thirty years.However, working unite system has brought women severe negative effects ontheir career development with its dual character such as 'protect and dependent' 'bestow and restrain' etc. With the reform of unite system, stateowned and collective unites have experienced a transition from administrative type to a beneficial one. The lowefficiency traditional working unit system will eventually further decline and urban women will inevitably face even more severe challenges in career development. In the change of working unit system, what should the government do to avoid shifting its burden to the society and individual from original shouldering all the responsibilities by itself? The government should offer proper guarantee for career development of women by effective means and we should conduct indepth research on the challenges to career development of women generated by the transformation of working unit system during the process of conversion in the government function, define the responsibilities among government (governmental department of different levels), society (such as social institutions, voluntary organizations, etc.) and individual respectively (selfimprovement in competitive ability of women) in career development of women, probe into how to establish new social regulatory mechanism , how to perfect and develop the social support system for women by new government guarantee mechanism, emphasize selfcompetitive ability of women, solve realistic problems in career development of women in change of working unit system, break the 'glass ceiling' between the gender isolation and in career development, completely elevate women's career competitive ability, fundamentally guarantee women's rights for employment and development, and have real equality between women and men.