中国电子政务建设模式和政府流程再造探讨

Sourcing Models of Electronic Governance and Government Process Reengineering in China

在建设电子政务中,政府面临着诸如IT人才缺乏、资金不足等障碍。外包建设模式有助于政府克服这些障碍。"自建和外包相结合"是适合中国国情的电子政务建设模式:中央政府以自建为主,地方政府以外包为主;内部业务以自建为主,公众服务以外包为主。基于"服务响应链"的政府流程再造(GPR)是一种先进的GPR模式,它以面向"数据响应"的思想设计新的流程,变"权力导向"为"数据导向",只对"数据"不对人。这种GPR思想不仅体现了"以公民为中心"和"一站式"服务的理念,而且绕开了一些障碍,具有可控性强、实施难度低等特点。

In the application of electronic governance, governments are faced with some barriers such as shortage of skilled IT staff and limited financial resources. The outsourcing model can help overcome these barriers. However, various levels of the government in China have been accustomed to inhouse sourcing models in IT application projects. Some officials tend to resist outsourcing the model because they think it is unreliable and unsafe. Based on analysis of the differences between inhouse sourcing and outsourcing in financial investment, demand of infrastructure ,requirement of IT staff, upgrade ability of services ,and security, it is concluded that the model combining inhouse sourcing with outsourcing is suitable for the situation of China. Central governments give priority to inhouse sourcing, local governments give priority to outsourcing. The automation of government internal affairs gives priority to inhouse sourcing, electronic citizen services give priority to outsourcing. There are several potential problems during the implementation of outsourcing model. First, vendors, not governments, have the primary control over service quality. Second, applications may not be customized enough to adapt new demands of governments or changes of government processes. Third, cost risk will appear when costs of development and implementation are underestimated because of asymmetric information. To ensure the success of an outsourcing model, governments need to build enough inhouse IT capability and outsourcing project management capability, and continual top management support is necessary too.The government process reengineering (GPR) based on service response chain is presented. Based on the new GRP idea, a service process in physical space is transformed as a nongap data response chain in cyberspace, and a power orientation government process is transformed as a data orientation one, and lots of barriers in GPR is bypassed. It not only incarnates the service ideas of citizencentered and onestop, but also has the characteristics of strong control ability and low practice difficulty. A feasible strategy of GPR is put forward. Those processes which hold back the startup of egovernance must be cut off or redesigned stoutly. Those nonoptimization processes which do not have initial resistance to the fulfillment of egovernance need not reengineer immediately and can be optimized gradually in application of egovernance. The GPR starts from the lowest government and citizen services.