尼采论语言形而上学

Nietzsche on Metaphysics of Language

尼采是第一个对欧洲传统形而上学展开全面批判的哲学家。在批判中,他步步深挖形而上学的根源,揭露了语言对于传统哲学思维的支配力量和语言在欧洲形而上学形成中的关键作用。他指出,传统形而上学是用逻辑虚构出来的道德化本体,而逻辑又是语法造就的,其最典型的表现是主谓结构造就了因果范畴。因此,传统形而上学在本质上是对主语的信仰,是一种语言形而上学。他进而提出一个假说:语言预先决定了哲学的发展,哲学家所属的语言谱系或类型预先决定了他的世界观类型。他把语言问题作为一个重大哲学问题提了出来,预示了现代西方哲学的“语言学转向”。

Friedrich Nietzsche was the first philosopher who gave a comprehensive criticism of European traditional metaphysics. In his critique, Nietzsche traced this metaphysics to its origin and revealed that language governed the traditional thinking of philosophy and played a crucial role in forming European metaphysics. He pointed out that the traditional metaphysics was a moralized substance fabricated by logic which was created by grammar. Its most typical manifestation was that the subject-predicate structure created the category of causality. Thus, essentially the traditional metaphysics was subject in full relief and a kind of metaphysics of language. Then he raised a hypothesis: language predetermined the development of philosophy and a philosopher's world outlook was predetermined by his language pedigree or category. Nietzsche brought up the problem of language as a key philosophical problem, which predicted the 'linguistic orientation' of the modern Western philosophy.