道德·伦理·市场与诗

Moral, Ethics, Market and Poem

市场经济的伦理维度和道德基础问题 ,是目前中国伦理学界和经济学界共同关注的一个焦点问题。当代西方主流经济学派和元伦理学派虽然从个人利益最大化追求的假定中推导不出“守道德是理性的” ,但他们却否定不了维特根斯坦所认为的那“不可言说”的伦理之存在。牟宗三说 :“穷知见德” ,说明了那不可言说的道德深而可见。道德是既内在于人的“行” (包括“言”)之中、又显现于人的“行”之外的人的此在品格 ,因而是人“行”中的实存 ,“言”中的含蕴。从语言哲学来看道德哲学 ,就会发现 ,人的语言 (如许诺 )有约束力 ,就在于在最深的层面上 ,人作为人有遵从 (康德哲学的 )实践理性和语言许诺的定言命令———因而语言哲学和道德哲学实际上是一根滕上的两只瓜。人遵从实践理性和语言许诺的定言命令 ,即为内在于市场“外在规则” (如法律、产权和契约等等 )之中的“内在规则”。这“内在规则” ,就构成了市场经济的伦理维度和道德基础。

At the present, many ethicists and economists in China focus their attention on the problem of the ethical dimension and the moral foundation of market economy. Even if both mainstream economists and meta-ethicists cannot prove the proposition that 'it is rational to be moral' from their presumption that people maximize their self-interests, they cannot deny the existence of morality which is deemed to be the 'one cannot speak out' by Ludwig Wittgenstein. When Mou Zongsan says that 'in the end of human knowledge, there would be morality', he means that morality is observable even if it cannot be spoken out. Morality as goodness is human nature and a disposition revealed in human action (including utterance). Morality in the perspective of philosophy of language is the bonded power of human word (i.e. promise) which in nature comes from human's practical reason in terms of the Kantian philosophy, and therefore both philosophy of language and moral philosophy are intrinsically connected. The categorical imperative in obeying human practical reason and language promise consists of the nomos (inner rule) underlying the thesis (outside rule) and the nomos in turn comprise the ethical dimension and the moral foundation of a market economy.