德国经济发展与社会保障体系建设:历史经验与未来方案

Economic Development and Social Security in Germany: Historical Experience and Future Solutions

德国自19世纪80年代通过俾斯麦的社会法建立社会保障制度以来,历经上百年的发展,出现了社会保障与经济发展的复杂网络。本文以德国作为研究案例,考察了德国经济发展与社会保障相互作用的历史经验。根据社会保障收支状况随着政治决策、经济状况、劳动力市场及社会面临的挑战而发生变化的事实,本文以社会支出比率及其随着时间的发展作为这些变化的指标。基于这个前提,本文将1945年以来德国福利国家的发展划分为5个阶段:(重新)建立阶段(1945—1960)、扩张阶段(1961—1975)、巩固阶段(1976—1989)、德国统一和引入新福利阶段(1990—2002)、重建和巩固阶段(自2003年以来)。本文还梳理了德国社会保障制度当前存在的主要问题:人口变化和社会老龄化、劳动社会的结构变革、收入不平等以及开支减少。针对当前存在的问题及未来将面临的挑战,本文分别从医疗、劳动力市场、养老金、预防性社会政策等4个方面提出解决方案,并强调未来的改革必须要考虑到社会保障与经济发展的相互作用。

Since the foundation of the German social security system through Bismarck’s social laws in the 1880 s, a complex network of social insurance schemes and economics has emerged within the German welfare state after hundreds of years of development. The authors use Germany as a case study to examine the historical experience of the interaction between economic development and social security. Taking into account the fact that receipts and expenditures for social security vary in conjunction with political decisions, the state of the economy and the labor market, as well as challenges to society, in this article, the social expenditure ratio and its developments across time are served as indicators of these changes. Based on this premise, we can discern fi ve phases of welfare state development since 1945: phase of(re-)establishment(1945–60), expansion phase(1961–75), consolidation phase(1976–89), phase of German unifi cation and introduction of new benefi ts(1990–2002), phase of reconstruction and consolidation(since 2003). Secondly, the authors sort out the main current problems of the social security system: demographic change and ageing of society, structural change in the labor society, inequality, activation and economizing. Finally, in response to current problems and challenges in the future, the authors propose solutions from the four aspects of health, labor market, pensions and preventive social policy, and emphasize the network of the social security and the economy has to be taken into account with future measures.