刑事主观要素证明模式初探

On the Proof Mode of Criminal Subjective Elements

不管是在理论界还是实务界,也不管是在刑法的四要件犯罪论体系还是在三阶层犯罪论体系中,犯罪构成主观要素的证明一直是个司法难题。主观要素的证明在整个犯罪事实的认定中起着重要作用,涉及罪与非罪、此罪与彼罪以及定罪量刑等重要因素。司法实践中,除了阐述主观要素的直接言词证据外,还有通过外在行为表现来认定主观要件的证明模式。目前,司法实践中对犯罪主观要素的证明还存在主观要素证明过程不透明、事实推定定性不明等一系列问题。鉴于此,本文拟从刑事实体法与证据法相结合的角度出发,结合司法实例,来初步探讨司法实践中通过外在行为表现来认定主观要件这一证明模式,并分析其背后的逻辑原理和具体的证明方法。最后,本文就主观要素的证明体系的构建提出了建设性意见,包括从事实推定到法律推定的规范化,案例指导制度的运用,判决书的加强说理及公开化。

Whether in theory or in practice,proof of subjective elements of crime constitution has always been a judicial problem both in the four-element theory system and in three-class theory system.Proof of subjective elements plays an important role in the whole criminal facts,involving whether crime or not,who crimes,penalty measurement and-other important factors.In the judicial practice,in addition to the subjective elements such as direct testimony,subjective elements also can be affirmed by external expression.Combining Criminal Substantive Law with Evidence Law,this paper explores the method of affirming subjective elements by external behaviors through judicial cases,and analyzing the logic behind and the specific identification method.In the judicial practice,there are still a series of problems,for example,the proof of subjective elements is opaque,and presumption is not clear and so on.Finally,in this paper,constructive measures to the subjective elements of the construction of the proof system are put forward,including regularization from the presumption of fact to presumption of law,case guidance system application,making judgments more reasoning and open.