自然法理论的认识论难题——菲尼斯的解决方案及其反思

The Epistemological Problem of the Natural Law Theory: A Solution From John Finnis and Reflection on It

事实与价值二分法自被休谟提出以来,既有自然主义谬误与逻辑实证主义之阐发,又有事实与价值融合之挑战。菲尼斯直面事实与价值二分法造成的自然法认识论难题,提出基本善不证自明,试图解决该难题,同时辅以类比论证、辩证论证、归谬法等间接方法对基本善进行论证。然而,在形而上学的意义上,菲尼斯赞同"是"中有"应当"建构其中,没有坚持事实与价值相分离,但他在构建自然法理论之际,切断形而上学,以基本善为第一原则,坚持事实与价值相分离。最终,菲尼斯设定的自然法第一原则难逃事实与价值的纠缠,徘徊在二者之间。

David Hume makes the dichotomy of fact and value initially,which is developed by the naturalistic fallacy and logic positivism and challenged by the fusion of fact and value. John Finnis proposes the self-evidence of basic goods to solve the epistemological problem caused by the dichotomy,and he makes indirect argumentations with analogy,dialectical argumentation and reduction to absurdity. However,Finnis agrees that there is a 'is'built into 'ought 'metaphysically,so he doesn’t insist the separation of fact and value in this sense. But when he constructs his own natural law theory,he presupposes the split of fact and value and makes the basic goods the first principle of the natural law through suspending the metaphysics. And the first principle of his natural law is between fact and value and couldn’t escape the unsolved problem of the fusion of the fact and value.