法律“最小公分母”的证成——一个化简为繁的法律关系理论的内在逻辑及其意义

The Justification of “Minimum Common Denominator” of Law: Inherent Logic and Significance of a Complicated Theory of Legal Relations

从法体系看,"规范"是一个有待进一步论证的、最抽象的概念,其最有资格成为论述的开端。规范的基本模态可以分为四种,即"命令"、"非命令"、"禁止"、"允许"。这四种规范的基本模态并非只是在一个层面上简单切分而形成的四个基本单元,因为不仅"命令"与"禁止"之间存在着否定关系,而且"允许"与"非命令"也分别由对"禁止"与"命令"的进一步否定而产生。"请求权"、"特权"、"义务"、"无权利"、"权力"、"豁免"、"责任"、"无资格"这八个概念,实际上是通过对"命令"、"非命令"、"禁止"、"允许"构成的基本模态的否定与再否定而形成的。如此观察,才能理解法学概念演进的动力及法律关系的复杂性,这正是法律人工智能发展的必备前提。

From the point of view of legal system,the word'norm'is the most abstract concept to be further defined,which is most qualified to be the beginning of discussion. The basic modalities of norms can be divided into four types,namely'command','non-command','prohibition',and'permission'. The four basic modalities of norms are not just four basic units formed by simple segmentation on one level,because there is not only a negative relationship between 'command'and'prohibition',but also a negative relationship between 'permission'and 'non-command'. The eight concepts,namely 'claim','privilege','obligation','no-rights','power','immunity','liability',and'disability',are actually formed by negation and re-rejection of the basic propositions consisting of 'command','non-command','prohibition',and 'permission'. Only in this way can we understand the driving force of the evolution of legal concepts and the complexity of legal relations,which is the prerequisite for the development of legal artificial intelligence.