国家·法律·社会——涂尔干社会学思想中的国家观

State·Law·Society——The State view of Emile Durkheim's sociology

涂尔干所构想的国家有着内外两方面的职能。在现代社会,对外职能,尤其是军事职能逐渐衰微,而对内职能占据了主要位置。在对内职能中,最主要的有经济职能、政治职能、法律职能。但不管是关于经济职能、政治职能的论述,还是法律职能的讨论,涂尔干都提到了职业群体,他认为唯有职业群体才能使法国真正地摆脱当时的困境,因为法国当时面临的主要问题就是国家主义与个人主义发展的不平衡:要么国家为个人所吞噬,要么个人为国家所压制,只有借助于职业群体才能实现二者的平衡。由于职业群体这一中介存在于国家与个人之间,个人与国家就不能直接接触,二者之间只有间接的关系。但是在这种情况下,又产生了一个新问题:职业群体会不会代替国家成为一种压制个人的新力量呢?如果有可能,如何来防范这一情况的出现呢?这就需要借助法律的作用,特别是在现代社会中,法律充当了职业群体与国家之间的桥梁。

The country discussed by Emile Durkheim has both internal and external functions.In modern society,the external functions,especially the military functions,gradually decline,while the internal functions occupy a major position.The internal functions include economic functions,political functions,legal functions and so on.Whichever function Emile Durkheim refers to,he mentions occupational groups.And he believes they can help France get rid of the situation at that time,because the main problem France faces is imbalance development between the nationalism and individualism.Either the former is swallowed up by the latter or the other way around.Emile Durkheim considers that only by means of depending on occupational groups can they achieve a balance between the two forces.Occupational groups sandwich between the state and the individual,so the individual and the state can not contact directly with each other.There is an indirect relationship between them.In this case,a new problem appears:occupational groups maybe replace the state to become a new force to suppress individual.If so,how to prevent this situation?It needs the law,which acts as a bridge between the professional groups and the state especially in modern society.