政策目标与政策工具的匹配:英国学徒制改革进程透视

The Match of Policy Targets and Policy Instruments:Review on the Developmentof Apprenticeship Initiatives in England

自1993年英国现代学徒制改革启动以来,英国学徒制改革经历了项目启动、规模扩张、质量关注、革新发展四个阶段。基于政策工具理论,运用'政策目标-政策工具-政策效果'的分析框架,研究发现英国学徒制改革的政策目标优先级与改革进程相适应;系统变革工具对推动改革有普遍性作用;报酬及劝告工具对数量增长作用明显;命令及能力建设工具对质量提升作用明显;持续发展重点在组织与经费,升华在立法。借鉴英国经验,我国推进学徒制改革应遵循发展规律,合理规划阶段目标;跨部门携手合作,大力改革组织构架;加强规范与指导,坚守质量底线;加大经费激励与宣传,适度扩张规模。

Since the launch of Modern Apprenticeship in 1993,the apprenticeship reform in England has experienced four stages:project initiation,scale expansion,quality focus,and re-innovation.Based on policy instruments theory and applying the analysis framework of'policy objectives-policy instruments-policy results',the study finds that the policy priorities are compatible with the reform process;system-changing instruments play extensive roles;inducements and persuasion instruments contribute to quantity increase;mandates and capacity-building instruments contribute to quality improvement;sustainable development highly depends on institutions and funding with sublimation by legislation.Borrowing lessons from England,measures should be takento develop apprenticeship in China:set reasonable targets for different stages based on development rules;cooperate across different sectors and greatly reform institutional structures;strengthen regulations and guidance to keep quality bottom line;promote funding and publicity to increase quantity moderately.