民族社会工作实践的文化与政治之维——民族社会工作的一个分析框架

How to Practice the Social of Social Work? An Intervention for Aging Family Caregivers of Adults with Mental Disabilities

民族社会工作是以社会工作的理论与方法帮助少数民族群体解决问题、实现自我发展的社会服务制度。民族社会工作有两个主要特点,去政治化与本族化。民族社会工作的"去政治化"是指从民族关系协调发展的视角下,旨在缓解可能威胁或已经构成威胁民族地区社会稳定与族群发展的社会问题,核心是消除社会问题中隐藏的那些不稳定的政治敏感因素,将其降维到一般的日常生活问题的逻辑之中。另一方面,民族社会工作的"本族化"是对社会工作在本土化基础上的对象化,是以本族群社会的生产与生活、历史与文化为基础,建构一种旨在帮助少数民族群体解决日常生活问题的知识与方法。民族社会工作的去政治化与本族化存在着一定的社会张力,后者有向政治化转移的社会风险,政治化也可以被合理地转移到本族化的范畴之中。民族社会工作的目的是将社会问题的政治化社会风险降低,加快本族化的发展,最终使推动民族社会工作在民族地区社会治理中发挥重要作用。

With development of deinstitutionalization movement and consumer movement of mental health, the caregiving for mental disabilities have increasingly shifted from institutes to families. Thus families become the core support resource in mental disabilities' daily life, rehabilitation and social inclusion. According to the needs assessment for these aging family caregivers, their needs mainly converge as followings: the health management for themselves, respite care, financial assistance, future planning for the mental disabilities, the policy consulting and guidance, mutual support, and legal support, et al. Among these needs, the future planning of adults with mental disabilities is their most concerning theme. On the basis of service users' needs, the social work intervention program, which integrated the theory and practice of self-care theory, positive psychology and photovoice, was conducted for family caregivers of adults with mental disabilities. Based on the traditional clinical social work intervention, this program highlighted and echoed the social essence and its concrete ingredients of social work, and promoted the equal dialogue on the mental health issue among family caregivers, service providers, researchers, policy makers, communities and other stakeholders. Also, reflections from the policy process and implementation has been proposed for the practice of social work education, practice and research.