文学人类学的理论与方法

Theories and Methods of Literary Anthropology

20世纪以来的跨学科研究催生出不少与文化人类学相交叉的新学科。与历史人类学和艺术人类学等在欧美各国的蓬勃发展情况相比,文学人类学只是在中国获得了较好的发展。文学人类学的诞生以两个学科的学术转向为基础,一是人文学科的人类学转向("文化转向");二是人类学的文学转向("人文转向")。在知识全球化与本土文化自觉的学术大背景下,中国文学人类学一派提出结束没有自己理论和方法论的被动局面,尝试建构以文化文本及其符号编码原理为核心,以文史哲和宗教不分的"神话历史"为认识目标,以四重证据法为方法论的一个理论体系。并希望按照这个理论系统去解说华夏文明发生的特殊性,通过对非实在的、看不见的文化文本的整体认识,重建出让看得见的文学文本得以构成的文化编码和再编码规则。

Interdisciplinary research since the 20 th century has spawned many new disciplines which intersect with cultural anthropology. Compared with the flourishing development of historical anthropology and artistic anthropology in Europe and America, literary anthropology has only achieved a better development in China. The emergence of literary anthropology is based on the academic turn of two disciplines: the anthropological turn of humanities(or 'cultural turn'). And the literary turn of anthropology(or 'humanistic turn'). Under the background of knowledge globalization and local cultural consciousness, the school of Chinese literary anthropology proposes to end the passive situation without its own theory and methodology, trying to construct a theoretical system, with cultural as text and its symbolic encoding principles as the core, with 'mythological history' which is inseparable from literature, history, philosophy, and religion, as the cognitive target, and with quadruple evidences as the methodology. It is hoped that the particularity of the occurrence Chinese civilization will be explained in accordance with this theoretical system, and the rules of cultural coding and re-coding that can be constituted by visible literary texts will be reconstructed through the overall understanding of the unreal and invisible cultural texts.