谱系学:尼采与福柯对主体哲学的批判

Genealogies: Nietzsche and Foucault's Criticism of Philosophy of Subject

谱系学是尼采与福柯思想和批判策略的重要方面。笛卡尔在"我思"中建构起一般主体,开创了近代唯理主义的形而上学,在自我意识中为近代认识论奠定了理性的始基。康德等哲学家通过对理性的批判,捍卫并最终确立了近代主体哲学。尼采把主体哲学的源头追溯到柏拉图主义,在哲学中引入意义和价值,提出谱系学,对真理、善与恶等这些根本价值进行了反思,指出了主体的虚构性,批判了主体哲学。福柯继承尼采的谱系学,把谱系学运用到对西方社会历史的微观分析中。他分析了在西方历史中人如何在真理、权力和个人行为这三个领域里被建构为知识、权力和道德的主体的同时,也被客体化,成为受规训的对象。因而,福柯把尼采对主体哲学从西方文化角度进行的批判进一步深化为从西方政治、经济以及社会结构的历史建构角度进行的批判,发展了谱系学。

Genealogy is an important part of Nietzsche and Foucault’s thought and critical strategies.Descartes constructed the general subject in'I think',created the metaphysics of modern rationalism,and laid the rational foundation for modern epistemology in self-awareness.Kant and other philosophers defended and finally established modern philosophy of subject by criticizing rationality.Tracing the origin of philosophy of subject back to Platonism,Nietzsche brought significance and value into philosophy,proposed genealogy,and reflected on the fundamental values of truth,good and evil,and pointed out the fictitiousness of subject.Foucault inherited Nietzsche’s genealogy,and applied it into his microcosmic analysis of the western society and history.He analyzed how human being was constructed into the subject of knowledge,power,and morality in the three fields of truth,power,individual behavior,and at the same time,was objectified as the disciplined object in western society.Thus,Foucault further deepened Nietzsche’s criticism of the philosophy of subject from the perspective of analysis of western culture to that of historical construction of western political,economic,and social structures,and developed genealogy.