为德国法律统一而斗争——德国民法典的产生与《施陶丁格尔德国民法典注释》第一版

德国民法典之于1900年1月1日开始施行,标志着德意志帝国在民法领域内的法律统一,是德国私法发展史上值得大书特书的事件。文章首先回顾了在德国民法典生效之前,法国民法典、普鲁士一般邦法、萨克森民法典、普通法等在德国施行的情形,突出了当时德意志帝国在民法上四分五裂的状况。接着叙述了学者们围绕制定全国性民法典问题的论争,分析了阻碍法律统一的历史原因。随着商法在德国的统一,以及旨在使德意志帝国的立法管辖权扩张及于民法的修宪斗争之得胜,制定统一民法典的时机趋于成熟。负责起草民法典的第一委员会经过13年的努力,于1888年公布了德国民法典第一草案及其'理由书'。由于该草案备受社会各界的批评,1890年成立的第二委员会受命重新草拟民法典,于1895年公布了第二草案及'议事录'。帝国参议院对第二草案作了少许修改,成为第三草案,于1896年获得帝国议会通过,于同年8月24日公布,德国民法典遂告诞生,在民法领域统一法律的目标乃得以实现。伴随着德国民法典的问世,在德国出现了一系列民法典注释,成为德国民法学上蔚为大观的景象,其中包罗最广的是至今已有百年历史的《施陶丁格尔德国民法典注释》。文章对该注释的发起人施陶丁格尔的生平作了介绍,并对该注释的成就作出了积极的评价。最后,作为注释人之一的作者充分肯定了注释工具书对于民法学说和判例不可低估的作用。

The enforcement of BGB on January 1,1900 was a symbol of unification of law in the area of civil law within German Empire,it was a great event in the history of German private law.The article looks back first of all on the putting into force of the Code civil,the Prussian ALR,the BGB of Sachsen and the ius commune in Germany before BGB became effective,giving prominence to the situation of split of civil law in the German Empire.It goes on narrating the debate of scholars as to drafting a national civil code and analysing the historical reasons which hindered the unification of law.With the unification of commercial law in Germany and the victory of the constitutional drive for extending the legislative competence to civil law,the conditions of drafting a unified civil code became mature.After nearly 13 years of efforts made by the First Gommission responsible for drafting a civil code,the First Draft along with its"Motiven was published in 1888.Due to the widespread criticisms to the First Draft,the Second Gommission,set up in 1890,was charged to draft the civil code.In 1895 the Second Draft was published,along with"Protocols.The Bundesrat made only insignificant amendments to the Second Draft,and as so amended it was laid before the Re-ichstag as the Third Draft in 1896.BGB was promulgated on August 24,1896.Thus the goal of unification of law in the area of civil law has been reached.Alongside the enforcement of BGB,a series of commentaries to BGB have been published in Germany,forming a magnificent scene of German civil law science.Among them the most comprehensive one is Staudinger’s commentary,which has a history of one hundred years up to now.The article also introduces the life of Staudinger,and appraises his commentary positively.At last,the author,as one of the commentators,fully affirms the significance of commentaries to the doctrines and practises of civil law.