论民法的渊源——以我国民事立法和理论为中心

民法渊源是民事立法和民法理论中一项根本性的制度,对立法者科学制定法律、守法者准确预见行为后果以及司法者正确适用法律都具有重要意义。但是,长期以来,我国的民事立法者和民法理论界都未对这一制度引起足够的重视。立法上的任意不仅没能给学术批判提供一个可以讨论的平台,还对民事主体的民事活动和民事司法造成了相当的负面影响,使得守法者和司法者在某些领域无所适从。理论研究中,虽然学者们都将民法渊源作为民法学的重要内容,但却主要集中在对外国民法渊源的讨论,对于我国的民法渊源制度,则大多一笔带过,既少对现行法中民法渊源规定的讨论和评析,也没有对各种民法渊源形式存在的正当性和存在样态进行深入探讨。从方法论上而言,学者们的论述既少法律实证,又鲜见法哲学的方法和整体的方法,即使是学者们用得比较多的比较法的方法,其运用亦相当不够。在这样的背景之下,本文力图从法哲学角度出发,站在法治的高度上,通过运用整体的方法和比较法的方法,针对我国民事立法中关于民法渊源的规定和学者们的不同观点进行深入探讨。本文采用总分式的结构。第一至第六部分为总述,分别就民法渊源与法的渊源、民法渊源与公法渊源、外国(或地区)民法渊源、学者就我国民法渊源的不同表述、我国立法中关于民法渊源的规定等进行论述和分析。鉴于'法的渊源'的多义,也鉴于我国学者对民法渊源的论述缺乏宏观视野,本文首先将法的渊源分为法的内容的来源、法的拘束力的来源和法的表现形式,并运用整体的方法将民法渊源纳入其与民法内容的来源和民法的拘束力的来源的关系中进行考察;考虑到作为私法的民法与公法在理念上的差异,本文专门从部门法的视角对两者在法律渊源上的差异进行了比较;通过运用比较法的方法对典型大陆法系国家民法典关于民法渊源规定的比较,本文归纳出具体化规定模式、具体化规定和抽象化规定相结合的模式两种立法模式,并对其优劣进行了评析;通过对学者们关于我国民法渊源表述和我国立法中关于民法渊源的规定的归纳和分析,一方面指出其中存在的问题,另一方面也为本文分述部分的论述做了准备。第七至第九部分为分述,分别就各种具体民法渊源形式存在的妥适性和存在样态进行了深入分析,其中包括了制定法、习惯法、法理、条约、判例、政策以及团体性协议等内容。第十部分为结论。通过对总述、分述部分的总结,作者提出在未来民事立法中对民法渊源问题应当采取的态度,包括在《立法法》和民事法律之间合理分配关于民法渊源制度的规定;同时规定适用于整个民事领域的法律渊源制度和适用于具体民事领域的法律渊源制度;从法律适用角度即裁判规则的角度规定民法渊源制度;规范对于民法渊源的表述等。

The origin of civil law is the basic system in legislation and theories of this law,which is of great importance for legislators to make law scientifically,of great importance for legalists to foresee the result of behavior accurately,and of great importance for judicators to choose law correctly.However,the legislation and theories of civil law in our country haven’t been paying much attention to this system during a long time.The arbitrary legislation hasn’t been providing a discussion platform for academic criticism.What’s more,it has been also bringing lots of negative influence to civil activity and justice,all of which made the legalists and judicators don’t know how to deal with in some areas.In the theory,though scholars treat the origin of civil law as an important part in this law,most of them have been only focusing on this system in the foreign countries.They haven’t discussed and critiqued the origin of civil law in current law of our country,and even haven’t deeply investigated every kinds of civil law’s origin and their manifestation.As far as the methodology,the scholars haven’t been discussing the legal practice either,and even haven’t been using legal philosophy and integral method.Besides that,though lots of them have used a large number of comparison methods,they haven’t been using them abundantly.In this context,this paper try to stand on the point of legal philosophy,use integral and comparison method,and then discuss the viewpoints which comes from different scholars and the origin of civil law system in our current legal legislation.The paper is divided into three parts.Accordingly,the first part is general discussion(from first to sixth section).This part comments and analysis the origin of civil law and the origin of law;and the origin of civil law and that of Public law;what’s more,it also introduces the origin of civil law in other countries and districts,and the scholars’different expressions of civil law’s origin;besides that,it gives us the regulation of the civil law’s origin in the legal legislation in our country.Because of the various meanings of"law’s origin",this essay firstly divides the law’s origin into some parts.These parts include the origin of law’s content,the origin of law’s restraint,and the expression of law.Besides that,the paper also use the integral method to bring the origin of civil law into the relationship between civil law’s origin and the origin of civil law’s contents and restraint to analysis this system.In the consideration of different principles of the private law and the public law,this essay stands on the point of department law to compare the origin of these two kinds of law.Besides that,it also uses comparison method to comment the advantages and disadvantages of the origin of civil law in different civil law countries,and then sums up two kinds of legislation framework,which is concrete framework and concrete-abstract framework.By analyzing the scholars’different expressions of the origin of civil law,and the regulations of the civil law’s origin in the legislation of our country,the paper point out some problems which is worthy of discussion,and which is also preparing for the second part at the same time.The second part is the concrete discussion(from the seventh to ninth section).It deeply investigates the suitability and existence form of every kinds of civil law’s origin.These kinds of origin include enacted law,customary law,legal principal,treaty,case,policy,and group agreement,and so on.The last part is conclusion(the tenth section).By summarizing the first part and second part,the author expresses his own opinion about the origin of civil law in our civil legislation in the future.In the author’s opinion,it is the high time to distributed the regulations of civil law’s origin between"Legislation Law"and civil law;And it is of great importance to put emphasize on regulating the law’s origin system in entire and concrete civil area at the same time;Further more,it is also necessary for us to make every effort to regulate the system at the point of practicing law;Last but not the most,don’t forget to correct the expressions of the origin of civil law,and so on.