德国专家责任的建构——以保护纯经济上损失的交易安全义务为基础

专家责任,特别是保护他人财产(纯经济上损失)的专家责任或职业责任的兴起是20世纪侵权行为法发展的一个显著特征。就这一责任而言,德国法主要是通过扩展适用合同责任来实现的,包括建立第三类责任和职业责任,这实际上使得合同法被过度适用,而压制了侵权法的基本判断,因而德国学者主张建构保护他人财产的交易安全义务——职业义务来解决这一问题,并曾试图将之法典化,然而并未成功。对我国而言,侵权法的路径可能是一种更妥善的方法,并得到多部学者草案的赞同,对此,德国学者所建构的保护他人财产的交易安全义务或职业义务值得我们借鉴。

The rise of expert liabilities,especially those with the function of protection of others’property,is a remarkable character of the development of the tort law in the 20th century.The German law solves this kind of liability mainly by means of expanding the contract liability,including the third-class liability and special professional liability(Berufshaftung),which actually applies the contract law in excess and in result suppresses the basic judgement of tort law.Thus some German scholars have suggested establishing the system of Verkehrspflichten zum Schutz reinen Vermogens,ie.Berufspflichten,to solve the problem of expert liability,and also tried to codify it;but those efforts have finally been defeated.As far as our legal system is concerned,the approach of tort law may be more appropriate,and it has gained the approvement of several academic drafts of tort law.The Verkehrspflichten zum Schutz reines Vermogens,i.e.Berufspflichten,advocated by some German scholars are thus worth our learning.