大陆法系的物权类型封闭原则:历史、演变与启示

The Numerus Clausus Principle in Civil Law System:History,Evolution and Enlightenment

物权类型封闭原则是较为年轻的物权法原则,产生于19世纪的潘德克顿法学,并从19世纪下半叶开始逐渐影响欧陆各国以及东亚地区,形成了四种不同的规范表达模式。从物权类型封闭原则的本体来看,它仅仅是限制当事人的形成自由,并没有限制物权类型的法律渊源。物权法定原则,是物权类型封闭原则在东亚的特殊表现形态,随着习惯法和判例法在东亚各国被承认为物权类型的法律渊源,物权法定原则已经向物权类型封闭原则回归了。在外部体系方面,物权类型封闭原则是物权法自治性观念的逻辑衍生物;在内在价值目标方面,该原则的目的在于促进财产流通,统一所有权确保了物的可流通性,他物权类型封闭使信息标准化,降低了交易成本。当然,在公示制度和信赖保护不断完善的情况下,他物权类型封闭的重要性已经大幅下降了,但统一所有权对财物可流通性的维护作用仍然无法被替代。是否改采他物权类型开放原则,需要充分考虑其必要性、可行性以及我国的特殊国情。

The numerus clausus principle is a young principle of property laws,which was created by the pandectists in 19th century and began to influence other countries in Europe and East Asia gradually since the second half of 19th century.Nowadays,the numerus clausus principle has four different legislative expressions.In essence,the numerus clausus principle only limits the party autonomy and does not limit the legal sources of property rights.The numerus clausus principle in East Asia,which limits the legal sources of property rights,is different from its mainstream in Europe.However,when customary laws and case laws are recognized as legal sources of property rights by countries in East Asia,the numerus clausus principle in East Asia has converged into the mainstream.From the point of external system,the numerus clausus principle is a logic derivative of the concept of Autonomic des Sachenrechts.From the point of internal value,the numerus clausus principle aims at promoting the circulation of property:the unitary dominium guarantees the alienability of property and the numerus clausus of ius in re aliena standardizes information and reduces transaction costs.Certainly,when registration system and reliance protection are improved gradually,the importance of the numerus clausus of ius in realiena declines significantly.However,the protection of alienability of property by unitary dominium still cannot be replaced.Whether to adopt the numerus apertus of ius in re aliena,we should take full consideration of its necessity,feasibility and the special circumstances of China.