也论自然人外民事主体的种类和权利能力

On the Types and Capacity for Rights of Non-natural Person Subjects

民法法典化活动必须对自然人之外的民事主体给予充分的考量。民法理论将自然人之外的民事主体划分为法人、非法人组织和国家,这种划分不尽科学。法人和非法人组织的划分标准是模糊的。我国民法在界定法人的概念时,一方面应当将对财产性民事责任形态的考虑予以排除,另一方面则应当将'法人,,和'非法人组织'之外的客观存在也一并纳入考虑,从而将法人界定为在自然人和国家之外依法具有民事主体资格的所有客观存在。自然人之外的民事主体皆具有人格性民事权利能力,而国家作为民事主体能够享有人格权这一点尤其值得重视。

China’ s current civil law theory holds that those subjects except natural person can be divided into three categories,namely corporate organization,unincorporated organization and state.In fact,this classification is ambiguous.The comparison between China’s law and foreign law,and the changes in China’s understanding of legal person in recent years lead to the new definition of legal person.Legal persons should refer to all beings except natural person and state,which have civil capacity according to law.All of those subjects except natural person have capacity for personal rights,and the fact of the state having capacity for personal rights should not be neglected.