新中国成立以来农村集体成员权的生成——以“农民-集体”利益关系的嬗变为中心

The Formation of Rural Collective Right Since the People’s Republic of China Is Founded:Focus on the Evolution of the Mutual Interests Between Peasant and Collectivity

以集体公有制的形成为目标的农业集体化,是一个农民被组织起来的过程。农民以土地私人所有权的无偿丧失为代价,从自耕农变为合作社社员,又因工业化战略下城乡二元结构的锁定,其身份在人民公社时期被固化。而集体只不过是国家政权控制乡村资源的手段,公社社员身份并不存在任何私权的意义。人民公社解体之际,集体所有权的利益结构回归私权框架,规范重心转移到以土地承包经营权为核心的用益物权上,原公社社员成为新集体成员,土地承包经营权成为农村集体成员权的主要表现之一,并承担起社会保障的责任,开启了农村集体成员'保障社员'的意蕴。《物权法》引入'成员权'概念在规范层面正式确立了农村集体成员权的生成。

Collectivization is a process in which the peasants are organized step by step,aiming at the formation of collective ownership system.Accordingly,peasants turn to be the cooperative member at the costs of losing rural land ownership.This membership,due to the urban-rural dual structure under the strategy of industrialization,is solidified in the period of people’ s commune.However,the collectivity is nothing but the means by which the state power controls the rural resources.Hence the membership of the people’ s commune does not have any private meaning.As the people’ s commune is disintegrated,its membership becomes new rural collective member.Meanwhile,collective ownership returns to the framework of private right,which means its core interests is transferred to the usufruct represented by the land contractual management right.Also,this right is built on the basis of rural member right and assumes the responsibility of social security which indicates the implications of the rural collective membership.Introducing the membership right into Real Right Law marks the formation of rural collective membership right in the normative aspect.