《反不正当竞争法》中的“经营者之困”及其破解

The “Business Operator” Dilemma and Its Solution in the Anti-Unfair Competition Law

《反不正当竞争法》是我国维护市场经济秩序,保障公平竞争的重要法律制度。自1993年颁布施行,已二十余载。近年来,我国的市场竞争状况发生了广泛而深刻的变化,《反不正当竞争法》对于市场公平竞争秩序的维护显得愈加捉襟见肘。其中,关于'经营者'概念的规定更是存在一系列的缺陷,《反不正当竞争法》中'经营者'与商人、民事主体等其他法律主体间的关系为何,'经营者'概念是去是留,如何对'经营者'的内涵进行阐释等,这些问题被学界统称为'经营者之困'。本文通过分析经济法主体理论,搜集我国立法、执法以及司法实践中破解经营者之困的现实资源,结合域外制度,提出不再对不正当竞争行为的主体概念进行规定是一种理想的立法趋势。但结合我国现实的国情,传统文化的影响、法律适用水平的限制、修法成本效益的考量等都制约着我国对不正当竞争行为主体概念的立法选择,继续在法律中对不正当竞争行为的主体概念进行规定,是当下最为现实的出路。最后,文章从'小修'和'大改'两个角度给出了两种具体修法思路:其一,继续使用'经营者',但对其内涵进行重塑;其二,以'竞争者'代替'经营者'作为不正当竞争行为的主体概念。

The'Anti-Unfair Competition Law'is an important legal system for safeguarding the order of market economy and ensuring fair competition.Since 1993,it has been promulgated for more than twenty years.In recent years,with the extensive and profound changes happened in market competition of China,the function of'Anti-Unfair Competition Law'for maintain the market fair competition order has faced with many difficulties.There are a series of defects with the term'business operator'.What is the relationship between the'business operator'in the Anti-Unfair Competition Law and the other legal subjects such as merchant and civil subject?Whether we should continue to use the term of'business operator'?How to explain the connotation of'business operator'?Scholars referred to these questions as the confusion of'business operator'.Based on the analysis of the fundamental subject theory of economic law and the collection of realistic resources of cracking the dilemma of'business operator',this paper finally puts forward practical approach to address these issues.It is an ideal choice of abandoning the term of subject.But any legislative choice should adapt to the reality of our country.Considering the national conditions,it’s a practical way to formulate the subject concept in special provision.At last,this paper tries to provide two practical approaches.On one hand,we can continue to use'business operator',but we should reinterpreted the concept.On the other hand,we can use'competitor'instead of'business operator'as the concept of unfair competitive subject.