代孕协议中私法自治的边界——以对代孕母人身权利的限制为中心

The Border of Private Law Autonomy in Surrogacy Agreement:Centering on Restrictions on the Rights of Surrogate

当前代孕不能合法化的最大原因就在于开放代孕可能对公序良俗造成冲击,代孕可能对女性造成剥削甚至贬损其人格。如果代孕存在剥削的嫌疑,问题不是出于代孕本身,而是由于代孕母在怀孕期间所受到的规范。代孕者身体权受合同约束的范围和程度,必须限于履行代孕协议的承诺,实现代孕协议目的的客观标准。代孕协议中的私法自治并不是最高准则,其不可以凌驾于个人自由之上。如果能够明确实现代孕协议目的的客观标准,明确代孕母在代孕中的权利能够被限制的范围和程度,其权利不仅受到了充足的保护,不会受到剥削,而且代孕也不会对公序良俗造成冲击,从而使得开放代孕、造福不孕夫妻变为可能。具体而言,对代孕母的基本权利不可限制;对代孕母一般人格权的限制可以区分为一般行为和自损行为,后者可以受到合同限制;接受医疗行为的自主权和医疗信息披露权不能通过代孕协议限制,代孕母仅限于与该合同履约相关的医疗行为与医疗信息有报告的义务;对代孕母性自主权的限制应当根据怀孕时间进行区分;代孕母对胚胎的决定权和终止妊娠权不可受到限制。同时,为了保护委托父母的权利,根据缔约自由原则,如果代孕母违约,其除了应当承担违约责任之外,还应当承担精神损害赔偿责任。

The biggest reason why surrogacy can not be legalized at present is that surrogacy may have an impact on public order,and surrogacy may cause exploitation and derogatory of personality to women.If surrogacy is suspected of exploitation,the problem is not with surrogacy itself but with the norms that surrogates receive during pregnancy.The limits of allowing the surrogate to transfer the body right must be objective in order to fulfill the promise and the purpose of the surrogacy agreement.The autonomy of private law in surrogacy agreements is not the highest norm and should not override personal liberty.If the objective criteria for the surrogacy agreement can be clearly defined,the range of rights that the surrogate mother can assign in surrogacy should be clearly defined,and the surrogate mother’s right should be adequately protected,the surrogate mother not being exploited.Specifically,the basic rights of surrogate mothers can not be restricted;the restrictions on the general personality rights of surrogate mothers can be divided into general acts and self-destructive behaviors,the latter can be subject to contractual restrictions;the right to accept medical acts and the right to disclose medical information can not be restricted.Surrogate mothers are limited to reporting obligations on medical practices and medical information related to performance of the contract;restrictions on surrogate motherhood discrepancies should be based on time of pregnancy;surrogacy decisions on embryos and termination of pregnancy can not be restricted.In the meantime,in order to guard the entrusted parents’rights,according to the principle of freedom of contract,if the surrogate defaults,she should bear the liability for mental damages in addition to her liability for breach of contract.