早期儒家“仁义内外”之争与孟子“仁义内在”说析论

Discussion on Outside or Internal of Benevolence and Righteousness in Early Confucianism

在孔孟之间,儒家关于仁义内外关系的思考有多种观点,见于郭店简的《五行》、《六德》、《语丛一》、《尊德义》、《唐虞之道》以及《孟子·告子》等篇中。在郭店简中,关于仁义内外问题不仅有'仁内义外'说,也有'仁义内在'说,还有'仁义内在外在并列'说。郭店楚简仁义诸说为孟子和告子的辩论提供了思想背景。告子的'仁内义外'以血缘之爱理解仁,以客观义务理解义,实质上是一种'仁义外在'说,与其自然人性论相一致。而孟子的'仁义内在'说,奠基于性善论的基础上,认为仁义内在于人性,以心善言性善,而且认为植根于人内心的仁义可以实现于人的形色之间,提出了儒家思想史上意义深远的'践形'思想,从而为人的道德修养和理想人格追求提供了内在动力。

Between Confucius and Mencius, thinking about the relationship between inside and outside of benevolence and righteousness have many viewpoints, which we can find in many articles of Guo Dian Bamboo Slip such as "Wu Xing","Liu De","Yu Cong","Zun De Yi","Tang Yu Zhi Dao" and Gaozi article of Mencius. In Guo Dian Bamboo Slip, except outside righteousness in the benevolence theory, they are also both outside and inner theory of benevolence and righteousness. The viewpoints of benevolence and righteousness in Guo Dian Bamboo Slip provide ideological background for the debate of Gaozi and Mencius. The viewpoint of Gaozi regarded benevolence as blood love, regarded righteousness as objective obligation. It’s a kind of "benevolence outside" theory in essence, consistent with his human nature theory which affirmed human nature is neither good nor bad. The Mencius’ s inner theory of benevolence and righteousness based on the theory of human good nature, which insisted that benevolence and righteousness within human nature, and explained human good nature by conscience, and insisted that the internal virtue can reflecting on the body of a person. Mencius put forward a famous viewpoints of "Jian Xing"(践形)in the history of Confucianism, provided intrinsic motivation of moral cultivation and the pursuit of ideal personality.