身心之学的重建与自律道德的回归——论朱子“尊德性”工夫的核心问题

The Reconstruction of the Theory of Body-mind Cultivation and the Returning of Self-discipline Morality:On the Core Issue of Chu Hsi’s Theory of Gongfu

工夫论是理学的核心问题之一,在朱子的哲学体系中,工夫论占据着至关重要的地位。然而,当前对朱子工夫论的理解被牟宗三的相关理解所笼罩。在他的理解中,朱子的工夫论仅仅被理解为以“格物致知”为内容的“道问学”,从而朱子的学术形态也被诠释为一种他律道德。然而,这一理解实质上是非常片面的。朱子的工夫论系统的核心是以“先涵养后察识”为内容的“尊德性”工夫。他通过对湖湘学派“先察识后涵养”的工夫进路的反思,确立了以“先涵养后察识”为核心内容的“尊德性”工夫进路。在这一工夫进路中,涵养工夫既包括身体层面的调节,又包含着意识层面的调节,构成了朱子对先秦儒家身心之学的继承和重建;而察识工夫则意味着主体在相应的情境中对自身天理良知的遵循,这一过程没有任何目的性,甚至不以湖湘学派所说的对本体的体认为目的。如果说,湖湘学派的察识工夫具有明显的他律色彩,那么朱子的察识工夫,则是从他律道德向自律道德的回归。

The theory of Gongfu is one of the core issues of New-Confusion.In Chu Hsi’s philosophical system,the theory of Gongfu also occupies a vital position.However,the current understanding of Chu Hsi’s theory of Gongfu is enveloped by Mou Zongsan’s understanding,in which,Chu Hsi’s theory of Gongfu was merely understood as "Gewuzhizhi",which means following the Path of Inquiry,so that,Chu Hsi’s academic form was also interpreted as a kind of moral heteronomy.However,this understanding is essentially one-sided.The core of the problem of Chu Hsi’s theory of Gongfu is "honoring moral nature "as the content of "first preservation then inspection".And which was established on the rebuilding of Huxiang school’s approach of Gongfu,i.e."first inspection then preservation".In Chu Hsi’s approach of Gongfu,on one hand,the regulation of body and mind are both included,which means Chu Hsi inherited the pre-Qin Confucian’s theory of body-mind cultivation;on the other hand,though the critiquing to Huxiang school,Chu Hsi returned from the morality of heteronomy to the self-discipline.