论《补贴协定》下“事实上出口条件性”之法律标准——从加拿大飞机案到欧共体大飞机案之逻辑演进分析

De Facto Export Contingent Subsidy under the SCM Agreement: An Examination of Evolution of Legal Standard in WTO Dispute Settlement Cases

在WTO《补贴协定》下有关出口补贴的争端案件中,如何判定"事实上以出口为条件的补贴"历来是一个难点。而同时,在WTO争端解决机制中,涉及"事实上以出口为条件的补贴"案件,大多背景复杂,头绪繁多,而审理案件的专家组或者上诉机构则往往殚精竭虑,在千方百计理清事实的同时,也努力建立合理可信的分析框架和方法,以求明法析理,体现法律标准之明确、统一和公正。本文通过系统梳理相关四起案件的专家组和上诉机构报告对这一问题的阐释,分析展示专家组和上诉机构思考的逻辑和角度,以为我们更加深刻领悟这一概念和未来相关政策之制定提供参考。

In disputes regarding export subsidy under the WTO SCM Agreement, the determination on de facto export contingency is one of the most diffi cult issues. The problem became even more challenging as, in all cases involving de facto export subsidy, there were extremely complicated background and numerous factual issues. That had made the panelists and the appellate body of the WTO to undertake hard work in order to identify the factual relationship and to provide some reasonable framework and approaches so as to identify the legal standard and to provide a solid ground for the determination. This article examined the analyses of the issue of de facto export contingency in all previous panel and appellate reports, and tries to summarize and reveal the logic and reasoning of the panel and appellate body in determine the issue of facto export contingency, so to provide some reference for policy makers.